KNX (Open KNX)

Merkmale

• Nativer .knxproj-Import (ETS4, ETS5, ETS6) mit Passwortunterstützung
• Lese-/Schreib-/Übertragungs-/Aktualisierungsflags von ETS ComObjects
• DPT-Ableitung aus ComObjects, wenn DPT auf GA-Ebene fehlt
• Raumzuordnung (enum.rooms) aus der ETS-Gebäudestruktur
• Import von XML-Gruppenadressen als Fallback
• KNX IP Secure-Tunneling über .knxkeys-Schlüsseldatei oder Passwort
• Stabiler und zuverlässiger KNX-Stack basierend auf KNXUltimate
• Automatische Kodierung/Dekodierung von KNX-Datagrammen für die meisten DPTs, Rohdaten-Lese- und Schreibzugriff für andere
• Unterstützung für das Lesen, Schreiben und Antworten von Gruppenwerten
• Generierung von Aliasen zur Zusammenführung von Aktions- und Status-GAs in ein einzelnes ioBroker-Objekt
• Direkte Verbindung: Verbindet einen beliebigen ioBroker-Status mit einer KNX-Gruppenadresse
• Unterstützt alle Gruppenadressstile (3-stufig, 2-stufig, frei)
• Kostenlos und quelloffen, keine Cloud-Abhängigkeiten, läuft offline

Installation

Suchen Sie in der Adapterliste nach „openknx“ und installieren Sie es durch Anklicken des +-Symbols.

Adapterkonfiguration

Drücken Sie „Speichern & Schließen“ oder „Speichern“, um den Adapter neu zu starten und die Änderungen anzuwenden.

• Erkennen – durchsucht das Netzwerk nach allen verfügbaren KNX-IP-Gateways. Es empfiehlt sich, zuerst die lokale Netzwerkschnittstelle auszuwählen und dann die Erkennung auszuführen – Gateway-IP-Adresse, Port und physische Adresse werden automatisch eingetragen.
• Lokale IPv4-Netzwerkschnittstelle – die Netzwerkschnittstelle des ioBroker-Servers, die das KNX-IP-Gateway erreichen kann. Vor der Erkennung auswählen.
• KNX-Gateway-IP -- IP-Adresse Ihres KNX-IP-Gateways. Wird automatisch erkannt.
• Port -- normalerweise 3671. Wird automatisch durch Erkennung ausgefüllt. Protokoll – Verbindungstyp zum KNX-IP-Gateway. UDP-Tunneling ist der Standard für die meisten KNX-IP-Schnittstellen und Router (z. B. Weinzierl, MDT, ABB). TCP-Tunneling bietet eine zuverlässigere Verbindung und wird von neueren Gateways unterstützt – empfohlen, sofern verfügbar. Multicast-Routing stellt die Verbindung über KNXnet/IP-Routing (Multicast-Gruppe 224.0.23.12) her und ist für KNX-IP-Router vorgesehen, die als Leitungskoppler fungieren – es wird keine Tunnelverbindung hergestellt, und mehrere Clients können gleichzeitig zugreifen.
• Physische KNX-Adresse – die individuelle Adresse, die der Adapter am KNX-Bus verwendet (z. B. 1.1.250). Muss als zusätzliche Adresse in der IP-Schnittstelle in ETS konfiguriert werden und darf nicht von einem anderen Gerät verwendet werden.
• Minimale Sendeverzögerung zwischen zwei Frames [ms] – schützt den KNX-Bus vor Überlastung durch zu schnelle Telegramme. Erhöhen Sie diesen Wert, wenn DISCONNECT_REQUEST-Fehler im Protokoll auftreten (z. B. auf 80–150 ms).
• Verwenden Sie common.type boolean für 1-Bit-Enumerationen anstelle von Zahlen. -- DPT-1 (Schaltung) wird in ioBroker als boolescher Typ (true/false) anstatt als Zahl (0/1) dargestellt. Aktivieren Sie diese Option für eine bessere Kompatibilität mit VIS-Widgets und Skripten, die boolesche Werte erwarten.
• KNX-Werte beim Start auslesen -- Alle Objekte mit dem Autoread-Flag werden beim ersten Verbindungsaufbau nach dem Start des Adapters vom KNX-Bus ausgelesen, um die aktuellen Zustände zu synchronisieren.
• Keine Warnung bei unbekannten KNX-Gruppenadressen – Warnmeldungen im Protokoll werden unterdrückt, wenn Telegramme für im Adapter nicht konfigurierte Gruppenadressen empfangen werden. Dies ist nützlich in Installationen mit vielen Gruppenadressen, von denen nur eine Teilmenge im Adapter verwendet wird.
• Gruppenadressstil – definiert die GA-Darstellung entsprechend Ihrer ETS-Konfiguration. Alle drei Stile werden unterstützt und für die Speicherung in das 3-stufige Format konvertiert: 3-stufig (1/3/5), 2-stufig (1/25) oder Frei (300). Der kombinierte GA- und Gruppenname muss im ioBroker-Objektbaum eindeutig sein.

ETS-Projekt importieren (.knxproj oder .xml)

Der Importdialog akzeptiert sowohl .knxproj-Dateien (empfohlen) als auch .xml-Dateien.

.knxproj-Import (empfohlen)

Importieren Sie die ETS-Projektdatei direkt. Dadurch erhalten Sie die vollständigsten Daten:

1. Speichern Sie Ihr Projekt in ETS (Datei > Speichern). Die .knxproj-Datei befindet sich in Ihrem ETS-Projektverzeichnis.
2. Wenn das Projekt passwortgeschützt ist, geben Sie das Projektpasswort in das Passwortfeld neben der Import-Schaltfläche ein.
3. Laden Sie die .knxproj-Datei über den Importdialog in den Adapter hoch.
4. Der Import startet sofort und zeigt eine Fortschrittsschätzung basierend auf der Dateigröße an.

Vorteile gegenüber dem XML-Import:

• Lese-/Schreib-/Übertragungs-/Aktualisierungsflags von ComObjects (anstatt standardmäßig read=true, write=true zu verwenden)
• DPT-Ableitung aus ComObjects, wenn dem GA kein DPT zugewiesen ist.
• Raumzuweisung aus der ETS-Gebäude-/Standortstruktur (erstellt automatisch enum.rooms)
• Autoread-Flag abgeleitet vom ComObject ReadOnInit-Flag
• Unterstützt ETS4-, ETS5- und ETS6-Projekte (einschließlich passwortgeschützter Projekte)
• Zukünftige ETS-Versionen funktionieren automatisch – für neue ETS-Patches/Nebenversionen ist kein Adapter-Update erforderlich.

Nach einem erfolgreichen Import der .knxproj-Datei verwenden Sie die unten stehende Funktion „Aliase erstellen“, um Status-GAs mit den entsprechenden Aktions-GAs zu verknüpfen.

XML-Import (Fallback)

Falls Sie .knxproj nicht verwenden können, können Sie Gruppenadressen aus ETS als XML exportieren:

1. Gehen Sie in ETS zu Gruppenadressen, wählen Sie Gruppenadresse exportieren und anschließend XML-Export in der neuesten Formatversion.

Das ETS4-Format wird nicht unterstützt, da es keine DPT-Informationen enthält.

2. Laden Sie Ihre ETS Export XML-Datei über den Importdialog in den Adapter hoch.
3. Der Import startet sofort und gibt nach Abschluss einen Statusbericht aus.

Hinweis: Wenn Sie für ein GA und die zugehörigen Kommunikationsobjekte unterschiedliche DPT-Subtypen verwenden, nutzt ETS die niedrigste DPT-Nummer. Stellen Sie sicher, dass alle Elemente den gewünschten Datentyp verwenden. Ein GA ohne DPT-Basistyp kann nicht importiert werden. ETS4-Projekte müssen in ETS5 oder höher konvertiert werden, wobei der DPT-Wert für das GA festgelegt sein muss.

Importoptionen

• Vorhandene IOB-Objekte nicht überschreiben -- Vorhandene Kommunikationsobjekte beim Import überspringen, nur neue hinzufügen.
• Vorhandene IOB-Objekte entfernen, die nicht in der ETS-Importdatei enthalten sind – Objekte aus dem ioBroker-Baum löschen, die im ETS-Projekt nicht mehr vorhanden sind. Nützlich zum Aufräumen nach dem Entfernen von GAs in ETS. Alle vorhandenen KNX-Objekte vor dem Import löschen (sauberer Re-Import) – Alle KNX-Objekte zuerst löschen, dann neu importieren. Verwenden Sie diese Methode bei der Umstrukturierung des ETS-Projekts.

KNX Secure

Der Adapter unterstützt KNX IP Secure-Tunneling. Konfiguration im Tab „KNX Secure“:

1. KNX Secure aktivieren -- Aktivieren Sie das Kontrollkästchen.
2. Schlüsseldatei (.knxkeys) – Fügen Sie den Inhalt der .knxkeys-Datei in das Textfeld ein. Die Datei wird in ETS über Extras > KNX-Schlüsselbund exportieren exportiert.
3. Schlüsseldatei-Passwort -- das Passwort, das beim Exportieren des Schlüsselbundes in ETS festgelegt wurde.
4. Alternativ: Tunnelbenutzerpasswort -- Anstelle einer Schlüsseldatei kann das Tunnelpasswort direkt eingegeben werden (aus der ETS-Projektkonfiguration der IP-Schnittstelle).
5. Geräteauthentifizierungspasswort (Backbone-Schlüssel) – nur im manuellen Modus erforderlich (keine Schlüsseldatei). Seit knxultimate 6.0 wird die MAC-Adresse SESSION_RESPONSE während des Handshakes überprüft. Ohne dieses Passwort wird der Handshake herabgestuft (die Verbindung wird zwar hergestellt, aber es wird eine Warnung protokolliert). Wenn eine Schlüsseldatei angegeben wird, wird dieser Wert automatisch daraus extrahiert.
6. Tunnel Interface IA -- optional die individuelle Adresse der Tunnelschnittstelle angeben (z. B. 1.1.254).
7. Tunnel-Benutzer-ID -- Standardwert ist 2. Nur ändern, wenn mehrere Tunnelverbindungen auf derselben Schnittstelle konfiguriert sind.

GA-Aliase und Migration

In KNX verwenden Aktion und Status oft separate GAs. Dieses Tool ordnet sie automatisch in ioBroker-Aliasse zu, sodass Lese- und Schreibzugriffe in einem einzigen Objekt möglich sind.

Der Tab bietet zwei Optionen:

Option A: Aliase (empfohlen)

Erstellt ioBroker-Aliasobjekte, die die Aktion GA (Schreiben) und den Status GA (Lesen) zu einem einzigen Objekt zusammenführen.

• Regulärer Ausdruck zur Identifizierung von Status-GAs – ein regulärer Ausdruck zur Identifizierung der Status-GA anhand ihres Namens (z. B. durch Übereinstimmung mit Endungen wie „status“, „rm“, „Rückmeldung“). Derselbe reguläre Ausdruck wird sowohl für die Aliasgenerierung (Option A) als auch für den KNX-Kompatibilitätsmodus (Option B) verwendet.
• Minimale Ähnlichkeit -- wie streng der Abgleichalgorithmus ähnliche Einträge filtert (0 = locker, 1 = exakt).
• Aliaspfad -- der Objektordner, in dem Aliase generiert werden (z. B. alias.0.KNX).
• Gruppenbereich in die Suche einbeziehen -- Verwenden Sie für die Suche den vollständigen Pfad einschließlich der Gruppennamen, nicht nur den GA-Namen.
• Aliase generieren – Schaltfläche zum Starten der Aliasgenerierung. Der Adapter muss ausgeführt werden. Nach Abschluss wird die Anzahl der generierten Aliase angezeigt.

Option B: KNX-Adaptermigration

Für Benutzer, die vom alten KNX-Adapter migrieren und möchten, dass bestehende Skripte, VIS-Projekte und Dashboards weiterhin ohne Änderungen funktionieren.

• ioBroker.knx-Kompatibilitätsmodus – Verknüpft Status-GAs intern mit der Aktions-GA (wie der alte knx-Adapter), anstatt Aliase zu erstellen. Verwendet denselben regulären Ausdruck wie Option A.
• Ziel-Namespace -- auf knx.0 setzen, um die alten KNX-Adapterobjektpfade wiederzuverwenden, sodass bestehende Skripte, VIS-Projekte und Dashboards weiterhin ohne Änderungen funktionieren. Standardwert ist openknx.0.

GA-Tools / Direktlink

Direct Link verbindet jeden ioBroker-Zustand (von jedem Adapter) mit einer KNX-Gruppenadresse. Änderungen am Zielzustand werden an den KNX-Bus geschrieben, und von KNX empfangene Werte werden an den Zielzustand zurückgeleitet.

Wählen Sie links in der Baumstruktur eine GA aus. Im Eigenschaftenbereich werden die GA-Metadaten (Name, Adresse, DPT, Flags) angezeigt. Verwenden Sie die Karte „Direktlink“ rechts, um einen ausländischen Staat zu verknüpfen.

Verbindungsmodi

• Direkt (1:1) – Jede Wertänderung wird unverändert an den KNX-Bus weitergeleitet. Geeignet für Sensoren, Dimmer oder Schieberegler.
• Trigger (nur EIN) – Es werden nur gültige Werte (EIN / wahr / ungleich Null) weitergeleitet, ungültige Werte (AUS / falsch / 0) werden ignoriert. Verwenden Sie diese Funktion für Szenen-Trigger oder Türöffner, bei denen die Quelle EIN/AUS (Drücken/Loslassen) sendet.
• Umschalten (KNX-Status bei EIN invertieren) – Bei jedem gültigen Wert wird der aktuelle KNX-Status ausgelesen und der inverse Wert gesendet. Falsche Werte werden ignoriert. Verwenden Sie diese Funktion für Tasten, die eine KNX-Leuchte ein- und ausschalten sollen.

Schwelle

Minimale Änderung vor dem Senden an den KNX-Bus. Ist die absolute Differenz zwischen dem eingehenden Wert und dem aktuellen KNX-Wert kleiner als der Schwellenwert, wird die Aktualisierung verworfen. Dies verhindert eine Überlastung des Busses durch Quellen, die viele kleine inkrementelle Änderungen senden (z. B. analoge Sensoren). Gilt nur für numerische Werte. Lassen Sie das Feld leer, um jede Änderung zu senden.

Ausdruck konvertieren

Ein JavaScript-Ausdruck zur Transformation des Werts vor dem Schreiben in KNX. Die Variable value enthält den aktuellen Schreibwert. Beispiele:

• !!value -- Konvertiert einen beliebigen Wahrheitswert (wahr/falsch) in einen booleschen Wert.
• value*100 -- Skaliert eine Gleitkommazahl zwischen 0 und 1 auf einen Prozentwert zwischen 0 und 100.
• value>0?100:0 -- Schwellenwertkonvertierung in Binär
• Math.round(value) -- Rundung von Gleitkommawerten

Der Konvertierungsausdruck gilt nur in Richtung Fremdsystem zu KNX. In umgekehrter Richtung (KNX zu Fremdsystem) werden die Werte ohne Konvertierung weitergeleitet.

Migration vom KNX-Adapter

Am einfachsten geht es so: Setzen Sie den Ziel-Namespace in den Alias-Einstellungen auf knx.0. Alle vorhandenen Skripte, VIS-Projekte und Dashboards verwenden dann automatisch die OpenKNX-Objekte – manuelles Suchen und Ersetzen ist nicht erforderlich.

Ist dies nicht möglich, müssen Verweise auf knx.0. in den jeweiligen Tools (Export/Import von Node Red Flows, VIS-Projekten, Skripten, Grafana-Dashboards) manuell durch openknx.0. ersetzt werden.

KNX-Buskonzepte

ACK-Flags bei Tunnelverbindungen

Anwendungen dürfen das ACK-Flag nicht setzen. Der Adapter setzt das ACK-Flag, sobald die Daten bestätigt wurden.

GroupValue Write

Wird durch das Schreiben in ein Kommunikationsobjekt in ioBroker ausgelöst. Wird auch ausgelöst, wenn ein Schreibframe auf dem Bus empfangen wird.

Gruppenwert lesen

Kann durch das Schreiben mit einem speziellen Kommentar oder Qualitätsflag ausgelöst werden:

setState(myState, { val: false, ack: false, c: "GroupValue_Read" });
setState(myState, { val: false, ack: false, q: 0x10 });

Hinweis: Die Kommentar-Methode funktioniert nicht mit dem JavaScript-Adapter. Verwenden Sie stattdessen q: 0x10.

Gruppenwertantwort

Wenn native.answer_groupValueResponse auf „true“ gesetzt ist, antwortet der Adapter auf einen empfangenen GroupValue_Read mit einer GroupValue_Response. Nur ein Objekt im Bus sollte dieses Flag gesetzt haben.

Zuordnung zu KNX-Flags

Beim Import von .knxproj-Dateien werden die Flags direkt aus ETS ComObjects gelesen. Beim XML-Import werden sinnvolle Standardwerte angewendet.

native.answer_groupValueResponse muss bei Bedarf manuell eingestellt werden.

IoBroker-Objektbeschreibung

Der GA-Import erzeugt eine Ordnerstruktur nach dem Schema Hauptgruppe/Zwischengruppe. Jede Gruppenadresse wird zu einem Objekt:

{
    "_id": "path.and.name.to.object",
    "type": "state",
    "common": {
        "desc": "Basetype: 1-bit value, Subtype: switch",
        "name": "Aussen Melder Licht schalten",
        "read": true,
        "role": "state",
        "type": "boolean",
        "unit": "",
        "write": true
    },
    "native": {
        "address": "0/1/2",
        "answer_groupValueResponse": false,
        "autoread": true,
        "bitlength": 1,
        "dpt": "DPT1.001",
        "encoding": { "0": "Off", "1": "On" },
        "force_encoding": "",
        "signedness": "",
        "valuetype": "basic"
    }
}

Rollen werden aus dem DPT abgeleitet (z. B. Schalter, Ebene, Datum). Die automatische Lesefunktion ist für Trigger-DPTs wie Szenennummern deaktiviert.

DPT-Referenz

Unterstützte DPTs: 1–22, 26, 28, 29, 213, 222, 232, 235, 237, 238, 242, 249, 251, 275. Nicht unterstützte DPTs werden als Hexadezimalzeichenketten (Rohdaten) geschrieben.

Hinweis zu Datums-/Zeit-DPTs: JavaScript und KNX verwenden unterschiedliche Basistypen. DPT-10 gibt ein JS-Datumsobjekt zurück, bei dem der Datumsanteil ignoriert werden muss. DPT-11 gibt ein JS-Datumsobjekt zurück, bei dem der Zeitanteil ignoriert werden muss.

Node-RED-Beispiel

Komplexer Datentyp DPT-2 über einen Funktionsknoten, der mit einem ioBroker-Ausgangsknoten verbunden ist:

msg.payload = { priority: 1, data: 0 };
return msg;

Protokollierungsstufe

Aktivieren Sie den Expertenmodus, um zwischen verschiedenen Protokollierungsstufen zu wechseln. Standardmäßig ist die Stufe „Info“ eingestellt.

Überwachung

Openknx verwendet sentry.io zur Fehlerverfolgung (die Daten werden pseudonymisiert an den ioBroker Sentry-Server in Deutschland gesendet). Die Buslast wird im Objekt info.busload geschätzt.

Einschränkungen

• Nur IPv4 wird unterstützt

Häufig gestellte Fragen

Automatisches Lesen löst Akteure im Bus aus Prüfen Sie in ETS, ob Gruppenobjekte, die mit dem GA verbunden sind, das R/L-Flag gesetzt haben. Empfänger eines Signals sollten dieses Flag nicht haben. Deaktivieren Sie das automatische Lesen für das betroffene Objekt gegebenenfalls.

DISCONNECT_REQUEST beim Start Erhöhen Sie die minimale Sendeverzögerung zwischen zwei Frames.

Wird sicheres Tunneling unterstützt? Ja. KNX IP Secure Tunneling wird über eine .knxkeys-Schlüsseldatei oder ein Passwort unterstützt.

Changelog

1.2.0 (2026-06-25)

• (copilot) Adapter requires node.js >= 22 now

1.1.14 (2026-06-11)

• improve reconnect logic
• improve project import

1.1.13 (2026-06-01)

• feat: improve disconnect handling on high bus load for MDT Gateways
• new options "Wait for ACK", "Max Direct Link send rate" (coalescing queue) and per-GA "linkedStateDebounce"; burst log with, hint at linkedStateDebounce GAs

1.1.12 (2026-05-19)

• feat: cyclic sending for Direct Links (periodically re-send current value to KNX bus)
• fix: DPT19 accepts numeric timestamps and ISO strings

1.1.11 (2026-05-08)

• fix for UDP interface connection

License

Copyright 2024 contributors to the ioBroker.openknx project

				GNU GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSE

==========================
Copyright Contributors to the ioBroker.openknx project

				   Version 3, 29 June 2007

Copyright (c) 2026 iobroker-community-adapters iobroker-community-adapters@gmx.de
Copyright (C) 2007 Free Software Foundation, Inc. https://fsf.org/ Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies of this license document, but changing it is not allowed.

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You may convey verbatim copies of the Program's source code as you receive it, in any medium, provided that you conspicuously and appropriately publish on each copy an appropriate copyright notice; keep intact all notices stating that this License and any non-permissive terms added in accord with section 7 apply to the code; keep intact all notices of the absence of any warranty; and give all recipients a copy of this License along with the Program.

You may charge any price or no price for each copy that you convey, and you may offer support or warranty protection for a fee.

5. Conveying Modified Source Versions.

You may convey a work based on the Program, or the modifications to produce it from the Program, in the form of source code under the terms of section 4, provided that you also meet all of these conditions:

a) The work must carry prominent notices stating that you modified
it, and giving a relevant date.

b) The work must carry prominent notices stating that it is
released under this License and any conditions added under section
7.  This requirement modifies the requirement in section 4 to
"keep intact all notices".

c) You must license the entire work, as a whole, under this
License to anyone who comes into possession of a copy.  This
License will therefore apply, along with any applicable section 7
additional terms, to the whole of the work, and all its parts,
regardless of how they are packaged.  This License gives no
permission to license the work in any other way, but it does not
invalidate such permission if you have separately received it.

d) If the work has interactive user interfaces, each must display
Appropriate Legal Notices; however, if the Program has interactive
interfaces that do not display Appropriate Legal Notices, your
work need not make them do so.

A compilation of a covered work with other separate and independent works, which are not by their nature extensions of the covered work, and which are not combined with it such as to form a larger program, in or on a volume of a storage or distribution medium, is called an "aggregate" if the compilation and its resulting copyright are not used to limit the access or legal rights of the compilation's users beyond what the individual works permit. Inclusion of a covered work in an aggregate does not cause this License to apply to the other parts of the aggregate.

6. Conveying Non-Source Forms.

You may convey a covered work in object code form under the terms of sections 4 and 5, provided that you also convey the machine-readable Corresponding Source under the terms of this License, in one of these ways:

a) Convey the object code in, or embodied in, a physical product
(including a physical distribution medium), accompanied by the
Corresponding Source fixed on a durable physical medium
customarily used for software interchange.

b) Convey the object code in, or embodied in, a physical product
(including a physical distribution medium), accompanied by a
written offer, valid for at least three years and valid for as
long as you offer spare parts or customer support for that product
model, to give anyone who possesses the object code either (1) a
copy of the Corresponding Source for all the software in the
product that is covered by this License, on a durable physical
medium customarily used for software interchange, for a price no
more than your reasonable cost of physically performing this
conveying of source, or (2) access to copy the
Corresponding Source from a network server at no charge.

c) Convey individual copies of the object code with a copy of the
written offer to provide the Corresponding Source.  This
alternative is allowed only occasionally and noncommercially, and
only if you received the object code with such an offer, in accord
with subsection 6b.

d) Convey the object code by offering access from a designated
place (gratis or for a charge), and offer equivalent access to the
Corresponding Source in the same way through the same place at no
further charge.  You need not require recipients to copy the
Corresponding Source along with the object code.  If the place to
copy the object code is a network server, the Corresponding Source
may be on a different server (operated by you or a third party)
that supports equivalent copying facilities, provided you maintain
clear directions next to the object code saying where to find the
Corresponding Source.  Regardless of what server hosts the
Corresponding Source, you remain obligated to ensure that it is
available for as long as needed to satisfy these requirements.

e) Convey the object code using peer-to-peer transmission, provided
you inform other peers where the object code and Corresponding
Source of the work are being offered to the general public at no
charge under subsection 6d.

A separable portion of the object code, whose source code is excluded from the Corresponding Source as a System Library, need not be included in conveying the object code work.

A "User Product" is either (1) a "consumer product", which means any tangible personal property which is normally used for personal, family, or household purposes, or (2) anything designed or sold for incorporation into a dwelling. In determining whether a product is a consumer product, doubtful cases shall be resolved in favor of coverage. For a particular product received by a particular user, "normally used" refers to a typical or common use of that class of product, regardless of the status of the particular user or of the way in which the particular user actually uses, or expects or is expected to use, the product. A product is a consumer product regardless of whether the product has substantial commercial, industrial or non-consumer uses, unless such uses represent the only significant mode of use of the product.

"Installation Information" for a User Product means any methods, procedures, authorization keys, or other information required to install and execute modified versions of a covered work in that User Product from a modified version of its Corresponding Source. The information must suffice to ensure that the continued functioning of the modified object code is in no case prevented or interfered with solely because modification has been made.

If you convey an object code work under this section in, or with, or specifically for use in, a User Product, and the conveying occurs as part of a transaction in which the right of possession and use of the User Product is transferred to the recipient in perpetuity or for a fixed term (regardless of how the transaction is characterized), the Corresponding Source conveyed under this section must be accompanied by the Installation Information. But this requirement does not apply if neither you nor any third party retains the ability to install modified object code on the User Product (for example, the work has been installed in ROM).

The requirement to provide Installation Information does not include a requirement to continue to provide support service, warranty, or updates for a work that has been modified or installed by the recipient, or for the User Product in which it has been modified or installed. Access to a network may be denied when the modification itself materially and adversely affects the operation of the network or violates the rules and protocols for communication across the network.

Corresponding Source conveyed, and Installation Information provided, in accord with this section must be in a format that is publicly documented (and with an implementation available to the public in source code form), and must require no special password or key for unpacking, reading or copying.

7. Additional Terms.

"Additional permissions" are terms that supplement the terms of this License by making exceptions from one or more of its conditions. Additional permissions that are applicable to the entire Program shall be treated as though they were included in this License, to the extent that they are valid under applicable law. If additional permissions apply only to part of the Program, that part may be used separately under those permissions, but the entire Program remains governed by this License without regard to the additional permissions.

When you convey a copy of a covered work, you may at your option remove any additional permissions from that copy, or from any part of it. (Additional permissions may be written to require their own removal in certain cases when you modify the work.) You may place additional permissions on material, added by you to a covered work, for which you have or can give appropriate copyright permission.

Notwithstanding any other provision of this License, for material you add to a covered work, you may (if authorized by the copyright holders of that material) supplement the terms of this License with terms:

a) Disclaiming warranty or limiting liability differently from the
terms of sections 15 and 16 of this License; or

b) Requiring preservation of specified reasonable legal notices or
author attributions in that material or in the Appropriate Legal
Notices displayed by works containing it; or

c) Prohibiting misrepresentation of the origin of that material, or
requiring that modified versions of such material be marked in
reasonable ways as different from the original version; or

d) Limiting the use for publicity purposes of names of licensors or
authors of the material; or

e) Declining to grant rights under trademark law for use of some
trade names, trademarks, or service marks; or

f) Requiring indemnification of licensors and authors of that
material by anyone who conveys the material (or modified versions of
it) with contractual assumptions of liability to the recipient, for
any liability that these contractual assumptions directly impose on
those licensors and authors.

All other non-permissive additional terms are considered "further restrictions" within the meaning of section 10. If the Program as you received it, or any part of it, contains a notice stating that it is governed by this License along with a term that is a further restriction, you may remove that term. If a license document contains a further restriction but permits relicensing or conveying under this License, you may add to a covered work material governed by the terms of that license document, provided that the further restriction does not survive such relicensing or conveying.

If you add terms to a covered work in accord with this section, you must place, in the relevant source files, a statement of the additional terms that apply to those files, or a notice indicating where to find the applicable terms.

Additional terms, permissive or non-permissive, may be stated in the form of a separately written license, or stated as exceptions; the above requirements apply either way.

8. Termination.

You may not propagate or modify a covered work except as expressly provided under this License. Any attempt otherwise to propagate or modify it is void, and will automatically terminate your rights under this License (including any patent licenses granted under the third paragraph of section 11).

However, if you cease all violation of this License, then your license from a particular copyright holder is reinstated (a) provisionally, unless and until the copyright holder explicitly and finally terminates your license, and (b) permanently, if the copyright holder fails to notify you of the violation by some reasonable means prior to 60 days after the cessation.

Moreover, your license from a particular copyright holder is reinstated permanently if the copyright holder notifies you of the violation by some reasonable means, this is the first time you have received notice of violation of this License (for any work) from that copyright holder, and you cure the violation prior to 30 days after your receipt of the notice.

Termination of your rights under this section does not terminate the licenses of parties who have received copies or rights from you under this License. If your rights have been terminated and not permanently reinstated, you do not qualify to receive new licenses for the same material under section 10.

9. Acceptance Not Required for Having Copies.

You are not required to accept this License in order to receive or run a copy of the Program. Ancillary propagation of a covered work occurring solely as a consequence of using peer-to-peer transmission to receive a copy likewise does not require acceptance. However, nothing other than this License grants you permission to propagate or modify any covered work. These actions infringe copyright if you do not accept this License. Therefore, by modifying or propagating a covered work, you indicate your acceptance of this License to do so.

10. Automatic Licensing of Downstream Recipients.

Each time you convey a covered work, the recipient automatically receives a license from the original licensors, to run, modify and propagate that work, subject to this License. You are not responsible for enforcing compliance by third parties with this License.

An "entity transaction" is a transaction transferring control of an organization, or substantially all assets of one, or subdividing an organization, or merging organizations. If propagation of a covered work results from an entity transaction, each party to that transaction who receives a copy of the work also receives whatever licenses to the work the party's predecessor in interest had or could give under the previous paragraph, plus a right to possession of the Corresponding Source of the work from the predecessor in interest, if the predecessor has it or can get it with reasonable efforts.

You may not impose any further restrictions on the exercise of the rights granted or affirmed under this License. For example, you may not impose a license fee, royalty, or other charge for exercise of rights granted under this License, and you may not initiate litigation (including a cross-claim or counterclaim in a lawsuit) alleging that any patent claim is infringed by making, using, selling, offering for sale, or importing the Program or any portion of it.

11. Patents.

A "contributor" is a copyright holder who authorizes use under this License of the Program or a work on which the Program is based. The work thus licensed is called the contributor's "contributor version".

A contributor's "essential patent claims" are all patent claims owned or controlled by the contributor, whether already acquired or hereafter acquired, that would be infringed by some manner, permitted by this License, of making, using, or selling its contributor version, but do not include claims that would be infringed only as a consequence of further modification of the contributor version. For purposes of this definition, "control" includes the right to grant patent sublicenses in a manner consistent with the requirements of this License.

Each contributor grants you a non-exclusive, worldwide, royalty-free patent license under the contributor's essential patent claims, to make, use, sell, offer for sale, import and otherwise run, modify and propagate the contents of its contributor version.

In the following three paragraphs, a "patent license" is any express agreement or commitment, however denominated, not to enforce a patent (such as an express permission to practice a patent or covenant not to sue for patent infringement). To "grant" such a patent license to a party means to make such an agreement or commitment not to enforce a patent against the party.

If you convey a covered work, knowingly relying on a patent license, and the Corresponding Source of the work is not available for anyone to copy, free of charge and under the terms of this License, through a publicly available network server or other readily accessible means, then you must either (1) cause the Corresponding Source to be so available, or (2) arrange to deprive yourself of the benefit of the patent license for this particular work, or (3) arrange, in a manner consistent with the requirements of this License, to extend the patent license to downstream recipients. "Knowingly relying" means you have actual knowledge that, but for the patent license, your conveying the covered work in a country, or your recipient's use of the covered work in a country, would infringe one or more identifiable patents in that country that you have reason to believe are valid.

If, pursuant to or in connection with a single transaction or arrangement, you convey, or propagate by procuring conveyance of, a covered work, and grant a patent license to some of the parties receiving the covered work authorizing them to use, propagate, modify or convey a specific copy of the covered work, then the patent license you grant is automatically extended to all recipients of the covered work and works based on it.

A patent license is "discriminatory" if it does not include within the scope of its coverage, prohibits the exercise of, or is conditioned on the non-exercise of one or more of the rights that are specifically granted under this License. You may not convey a covered work if you are a party to an arrangement with a third party that is in the business of distributing software, under which you make payment to the third party based on the extent of your activity of conveying the work, and under which the third party grants, to any of the parties who would receive the covered work from you, a discriminatory patent license (a) in connection with copies of the covered work conveyed by you (or copies made from those copies), or (b) primarily for and in connection with specific products or compilations that contain the covered work, unless you entered into that arrangement, or that patent license was granted, prior to 28 March 2007.

Nothing in this License shall be construed as excluding or limiting any implied license or other defenses to infringement that may otherwise be available to you under applicable patent law.

12. No Surrender of Others' Freedom.

If conditions are imposed on you (whether by court order, agreement or otherwise) that contradict the conditions of this License, they do not excuse you from the conditions of this License. If you cannot convey a covered work so as to satisfy simultaneously your obligations under this License and any other pertinent obligations, then as a consequence you may not convey it at all. For example, if you agree to terms that obligate you to collect a royalty for further conveying from those to whom you convey the Program, the only way you could satisfy both those terms and this License would be to refrain entirely from conveying the Program.

13. Use with the GNU Affero General Public License.

Notwithstanding any other provision of this License, you have permission to link or combine any covered work with a work licensed under version 3 of the GNU Affero General Public License into a single combined work, and to convey the resulting work. The terms of this License will continue to apply to the part which is the covered work, but the special requirements of the GNU Affero General Public License, section 13, concerning interaction through a network will apply to the combination as such.

14. Revised Versions of this License.

The Free Software Foundation may publish revised and/or new versions of the GNU General Public License from time to time. Such new versions will be similar in spirit to the present version, but may differ in detail to address new problems or concerns.

Each version is given a distinguishing version number. If the Program specifies that a certain numbered version of the GNU General Public License "or any later version" applies to it, you have the option of following the terms and conditions either of that numbered version or of any later version published by the Free Software Foundation. If the Program does not specify a version number of the GNU General Public License, you may choose any version ever published by the Free Software Foundation.

If the Program specifies that a proxy can decide which future versions of the GNU General Public License can be used, that proxy's public statement of acceptance of a version permanently authorizes you to choose that version for the Program.

Later license versions may give you additional or different permissions. However, no additional obligations are imposed on any author or copyright holder as a result of your choosing to follow a later version.

15. Disclaimer of Warranty.

THERE IS NO WARRANTY FOR THE PROGRAM, TO THE EXTENT PERMITTED BY APPLICABLE LAW. EXCEPT WHEN OTHERWISE STATED IN WRITING THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND/OR OTHER PARTIES PROVIDE THE PROGRAM "AS IS" WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EITHER EXPRESSED OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. THE ENTIRE RISK AS TO THE QUALITY AND PERFORMANCE OF THE PROGRAM IS WITH YOU. SHOULD THE PROGRAM PROVE DEFECTIVE, YOU ASSUME THE COST OF ALL NECESSARY SERVICING, REPAIR OR CORRECTION.

16. Limitation of Liability.

IN NO EVENT UNLESS REQUIRED BY APPLICABLE LAW OR AGREED TO IN WRITING WILL ANY COPYRIGHT HOLDER, OR ANY OTHER PARTY WHO MODIFIES AND/OR CONVEYS THE PROGRAM AS PERMITTED ABOVE, BE LIABLE TO YOU FOR DAMAGES, INCLUDING ANY GENERAL, SPECIAL, INCIDENTAL OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES ARISING OUT OF THE USE OR INABILITY TO USE THE PROGRAM (INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO LOSS OF DATA OR DATA BEING RENDERED INACCURATE OR LOSSES SUSTAINED BY YOU OR THIRD PARTIES OR A FAILURE OF THE PROGRAM TO OPERATE WITH ANY OTHER PROGRAMS), EVEN IF SUCH HOLDER OR OTHER PARTY HAS BEEN ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGES.

17. Interpretation of Sections 15 and 16.

If the disclaimer of warranty and limitation of liability provided above cannot be given local legal effect according to their terms, reviewing courts shall apply local law that most closely approximates an absolute waiver of all civil liability in connection with the Program, unless a warranty or assumption of liability accompanies a copy of the Program in return for a fee.

				 END OF TERMS AND CONDITIONS

		How to Apply These Terms to Your New Programs

If you develop a new program, and you want it to be of the greatest possible use to the public, the best way to achieve this is to make it free software which everyone can redistribute and change under these terms.

To do so, attach the following notices to the program. It is safest to attach them to the start of each source file to most effectively state the exclusion of warranty; and each file should have at least the "copyright" line and a pointer to where the full notice is found.

<one line to give the program's name and a brief idea of what it does.>
Copyright (C) <year>  <name of author>

This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
(at your option) any later version.

This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
GNU General Public License for more details.

You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
along with this program.  If not, see <https://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.

Also add information on how to contact you by electronic and paper mail.

If the program does terminal interaction, make it output a short notice like this when it starts in an interactive mode:

<program>  Copyright (C) <year>  <name of author>
This program comes with ABSOLUTELY NO WARRANTY; for details type `show w'.
This is free software, and you are welcome to redistribute it
under certain conditions; type `show c' for details.

The hypothetical commands show w' and show c' should show the appropriate parts of the General Public License. Of course, your program's commands might be different; for a GUI interface, you would use an "about box".

You should also get your employer (if you work as a programmer) or school, if any, to sign a "copyright disclaimer" for the program, if necessary. For more information on this, and how to apply and follow the GNU GPL, see https://www.gnu.org/licenses/.

The GNU General Public License does not permit incorporating your program into proprietary programs. If your program is a subroutine library, you may consider it more useful to permit linking proprietary applications with the library. If this is what you want to do, use the GNU Lesser General Public License instead of this License. But first, please read https://www.gnu.org/licenses/why-not-lgpl.html.